Skip to main content

Education system in Greece and Rome in ancient times: (In Urdu)-



یونان اور روم میں نظامِ تعلیم


ڈاکٹر عرفان حبیب

مغربی تعلیم کی تاریخ کا آغاز حضرت عیسیٰؑ سے سیکڑوں برس پہلے، یونانی قوم کی تعلیمی سرگرمیوں سے ہوتا ہے۔ اس تاریخ میں بیسویں صدی کی شروعات تک ایک تسلسل پایا جاتا ہے۔

ابتدائی دور میں یونانی شہری ریاستوں میں رہتے تھے۔ شروع ہی سے ان کے یہاں تعلیم کو بڑی اہمیت دی جاتی تھی۔ اچھے شہری تیار کرنے کے لیے تعلیم ضروری تھی۔ یہ ریاستیں دشمنوں میں گھری ہوئی تھیں اور اکثر اندرونی خطروں کا بھی سامنا کرنا ہوتا تھا۔ اس لیے شہریوں کی اس طرح سے تربیت ضروری تھی کہ وہ اندرونی اور بیرونی خطروں کا اچھی طرح مقابلہ کر سکیں۔ اس یونانی سماج کی بنیاد، غلامی کے نظام پر تھی جس میں غلاموں کی تعداد آزاد شہریوں سے کہیں زیادہ تھی۔ تجارت اور ہاتھ سے کام کرنے کو معیوب سمجھا جاتا تھا اور یہ کام غلاموں سے لیے جاتے تھے، اس لیے شہریوں کو کوئی ٹیکنیکل تعلیم حاصل کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں تھی۔

شہری ریاستیں کئی باتوں میں ایک دوسرے سے مختلف تھیں اور اس لیے ان کے تعلیم کے مقاصد بھی جدا جدا تھے مثلاً سپارٹا اور ایتھنز کے تعلیمی نظام بالکل الگ الگ تھے۔ سپارٹا کے شہری اپنے علاقے میں اقلیت میں تھے۔ غلاموں کی اکثریت تھی اور اس لیے سپارٹا کے شہریوں کو اپنی حیثیت برقرار رکھنے کے لیے ہر وقت طاقت کے استعمال کی ضرورت پڑتی تھی، ساتھ ہی اپنی ریاست کی بیرونی حملوں سے حفاظت کے لیے بھی انہیں کافی بڑی فوج رکھنی پڑتی تھی۔ اس لیے فن سپہ گری میں مہارت ان کی سب سے بڑی ضرورت تھی اور اس فن کی تعلیم کو اولیت حاصل تھی۔ اسی طرح شہریوں کی کردار سازی میں بہادری اور اطاعت کو اہم مقام حاصل تھا۔ چنانچہ بچوں کو سات سال کی عمر سے سخت جسمانی ورزشوں اور کھیلوں کی مدد سے مضبوط، طاقت ور اور فنونِ جنگ کا ماہر بنایا جاتا تھا۔ یونان کی دوسری ریاستوں میں عورتوں پر توجہ کم تھی، لیکن سپارٹا میں عورتوں کی تعلیم میں جسمانی تربیت پر زور تھا۔

اس کے مقابلہ میں ایتھنز کے لوگوں کو بھی اگرچہ اپنی حفاظت کے لیے اسی قسم کے مسائل کا سامنا تھا لیکن زندگی کے بارے میں ان کا نقطۂ نظر بہت مختلف تھا۔ بچوں کو جنگ اور امن دونوں کے لیے تیار کیا جاتا، بہادری و ہمت سے زیادہ زور دانائی پر دیا جاتا اور اس طرح جسمانی اور دماغی صلاحیتوں کو ترقی دینے میں توازن برتا جاتا۔ تعلیم دو منزلوں میں ہوتی تھی، ایک چھ سے چودہ سال کی عمر تک اور اس کے بعد 14 سے 18 سال کی عمر تک، نصاب میں لکھنا، پڑھنا، موسیقی، ادب، سادہ حساب اور جسمانی ورزش شامل تھے۔ جسمانی ورزش کا مقصد جسم کو طاقت ور بنانے کے ساتھ خوبصورت بھی بنانا تھا۔ عورتوں کو تعلیم نہیں دی جاتی تھی، ان کا درجہ سماج میں نسبتاً ادنیٰ تھا۔

ایتھنز کے سماج نے جیسے جیسے ترقی کی، علوم کی تعلیم کی اہمیت بڑھتی گئی اور اسی لحاظ سے جسمانی ورزش کی اہمیت گھٹتی گئی۔

ایتھنز اور سپارٹا کے ان دو نظاموں کی ٹکر نے دنیا کو افلاطون اور ارسطو جیسے مفکر دیے۔ تعلیم پر ان کے خیالات صدیوں تک مشعل راہ بنے رہے، افلاطون اور ارسطو دونوں کا یہ خیال تھا کہ تعلیم کو سیاست سے الگ نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔ تعلیم کا بنیادی مقصد اچھے شہری پیدا کرنا ہے اور ہر سیاسی ڈھانچے کی بنیاد اچھے شہریوں پر ہوتی ہے۔

افلاطون اور ارسطو کے خیالات نے آنے والی نسلوں پر گہرا اثر چھوڑا۔ ارسطو کے خیالات سے سب سے پہلے متاثر ہونے والوں میں اس کا شاگرد سکندراعظم بھی تھا جس نے دس سال کے عرصہ میں شام ، مصر، بابل، ایران اور مشرق قریب کے بہت سارے علاقے فتح کر ڈالے اور ہندوستان تک پہنچ گیا۔ اس نے ان علاقوں میں تعلیم کی طرف خاص توجہ کی اور سکندریہ، اناطاکیہ اور دوسرے کئی شہروں میں تعلیمی مرکز قائم کیے۔ ان میں سکندریہ کو سب سے زیادہ شہرت حاصل ہوئی۔ سکندر کی موت کے بعد بطلیموس اور اس کے خاندان نے اسے اور ترقی دی۔ یہاں دنیا کا سب سے مشہور کتب خانہ تھا جس میں کہا جاتا ہے کہ سات لاکھ سے زیادہ مخطوطات تھے۔ ایک بہت بڑا عجائب گھر تھا جس کے ساتھ تحقیقاتی کام کرنے والوں کے لیے رہائش گاہیں بنائی گئی تھیں۔ یہاں پر ریاضی اور سائنس پر غیر معمولی کام کیا گیا۔ اقلیدس اور ارشمیدس جیسے شہرۂ آفاق سائنس دان سکندریہ کے ان ہی اداروں کے طالب علم تھے۔

جمہوریہ روم کے ابتدائی دور میں، جب کہ اس پر ابھی یونانی تہذیب کا اثر نہیں پڑا تھا، تعلیم بہت محدود تھی۔ اس کا مقصد اچھے شہری تیار کرنا تھا۔ والدین سے یہ توقع کی جاتی تھی کہ وہ اپنے بچوں کی کم از کم اتنی تربیت کر دیں کہ وہ جسمانی اور دماغی طور پر صحت مند شہری بن سکیں، اپنے کاروبار ٹھیک طرح سے چلا سکیں اور لڑائی کے وقت اپنے ملک کی خدمت کر سکیں۔ ماؤں کا فرض تھا کہ اپنی لڑکیوں کی اس طرح تربیت کریں کہ وہ باحیا، نیک چلن، محنتی اور امور خانہ داری کی ماہر بن جائیں۔

250 ق م کے قریب یونان سے روم کا تعلق قائم ہوا۔ یہ وہ زمانہ تھا جب یونان میں علم و فلسفہ عروج پر تھا چنانچہ روم میں ایسے مدرسے قائم ہونے لگے جن میں یونانی زبان سکھائی جاتی تھی، اس کے ساتھ ہومر اور دوسرے ادیبوں کی تصنیفات لاطینی میں منتقل کی گئیں، فلسفہ اور فن خطابت کے مدرسے قائم ہوئے۔

روم کی زندگی کے ہر شعبہ پر یونان کا گہرا اثر تھا اور تعلیم بھی اس سے بچ نہیں سکتی تھی لیکن اہل یونان کے برعکس روم والے تعلیمی معاملات میں حکومت کی مداخلت کو بے حد ناپسند کرتے تھے۔ بہت بعد کے دور میں تقریباً نویں صدی عیسوی کے بعد جب حکومت کی طرف سے مدارس کو کافی امداد ملنے لگی تو مداخلت بھی بڑھنے لگی اور استادوں کے تقرر اور ان کی تنخواہ وغیرہ کے بارے میں حکومت فیصلے کرنے لگی۔

سکندراعظم نے جس علاقے کو فتح کیا وہاں اپنی تہذیب اور تمدن کو بھی پھیلایا۔ اسی طرح روم کے شہنشاہوں نے بھی اپنے مفتوحہ علاقوں میں اپنی تہذیب پھیلائی اور اپنے ادارے قائم کیے، اور پوری سلطنت میں اپنا نظام تعلیم رائج کیا۔ سلطنت روم کے مغربی حصہ میں عام طور پر لاطینی اور یونانی دونوں زبانیں سکھائی جاتی تھیں، لیکن مشرقی حصہ میں صرف یونانی رائج تھی۔ مال دار گھرانوں کے لڑکے اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لیے ایتھنز، سکندریہ، روم یا قسطنطنیہ جاتے تھے۔

Source: Received through WhatsApp messages

The below English version is translated from urdu using Google translator. The grammar is not checked after translation.

Dr. Irfan Habib , of Greek and Roman education

The history of Western education begins with the educational activities of the Greek nation hundreds of years before Jesus. A continuation is found in this history up to the beginning of the twentieth century.

In the early years, Greek citizens lived in the states. From the beginning, education was given a lot of importance here. Education was essential to prepare a good citizen. These states were surrounded by enemies and often faced internal threats. Therefore, training of citizens was needed in such a way that they could better deal with internal and external threats. The basis of this Greek society was on the system of slavery, in which the number of slaves was far greater than that of free citizens. Trade and hands-on work were considered disabled and these jobs were taken from slaves, so citizens did not have to get any technical education.

The urban states were different in many respects and therefore their educational goals were different, as were the educational systems of Sparta and Athens. Sparta's citizens were in the minority in their area. The majority of the slaves were, and so Sparta's citizens always needed to use force to maintain their status, as well as to maintain a large army to protect their state from external attacks. Therefore, his expertise in art and craft was a major requirement and his education was a priority. Likewise, bravery and obedience played an important role in the role of citizens. Children, therefore, were made strong, powerful, and skilled in the art form by the age of seven with the help of rigorous physical exercises and sports. In other Greek states the focus was on women, but in Sparta there was an emphasis on physical training in women's education.

On the contrary, the people of Athens, even though they faced similar problems for their own safety, had a very different outlook on life. Children were prepared for both war and peace, emphasized more than bravery and courage, thus balancing the development of physical and mental abilities. Education took place in two stages, one from six to fourteen years old and then from 14 to 18 years old, the curriculum consisted of writing, reading, music, literature, simple calculation and physical exercise. The purpose of physical exercise was to make the body powerful as well as beautiful. Women were not educated, their status was relatively low in society.

As Athens' society progressed, the importance of education for education increased and so did the importance of physical exercise.

The collision of these two systems of Athens and Sparta gave the world ideas like Plato and Aristotle. His views on education continued to be the torch for centuries; both Plato and Aristotle believed that education could not be separated from politics. The main purpose of education is to create good citizens and every political structure is based on good citizens.

Plato and Aristotle's ideas had a profound effect on the coming generations. Among the first to be impressed by Aristotle's ideas was his disciple Alexander, who over a period of ten years conquered Syria, Egypt, Babylon, Iran, and much of the Middle East and reached India. He paid special attention to education in these areas and established educational centers in Alexandria, Antioch and many other cities. Of these, Alexandria received the highest reputation. After Alexander's death, Blythmus and his family made further progress. Here was the world's most famous library, which is said to have more than seven million copies. There was a huge museum with housing for investigators. There was extraordinary work on math and science. Scientists such as Euclidus and Arshadids were students of these same institutions in Alexandria.

In the early years of the Republic of Rome, when it had not yet been influenced by Greek civilization, education was very limited. The aim was to prepare good citizens. Parents were expected to train their children at least so that they could become physically and mentally healthy citizens, run their businesses properly, and serve their country during the war. The mothers had a duty to train their girls in such a way that they could become fiduciary, good-natured, hardworking and lucrative.

About 250 BC Rome was established with Greece. It was at that time that knowledge and philosophy were on the rise in Greece, so madrassas were taught in Rome, in which Greek language was taught, as well as the writings of Homer and other writers transferred to Latin, the seminaries of philosophy and art. Established.

Greece had a profound impact on every area of ​​Rome's life, and education could not be avoided, but unlike the Greek people, the Romans disliked government interference in educational matters. In the very aftermath of the ninth century, when the government started to receive substantial support from the madrassas, the intervention also increased and the government began to make decisions about the appointment of teachers and their salaries.

The area where Alexander conquered also spread its civilization and civilization. Similarly, the emperors of Rome spread their civilization and established their institutions in their conquered territories, and practiced their system throughout the empire. Both Latin and Greek were generally taught in the western part of the empire, but in the eastern part there was only Greek practice. The sons of wealthy families traveled to Athens, Alexandria, Rome, or Constantinople for higher education.

Source: Received through WhatsApp message

Popular posts from this blog

School Library suggested list for Indian schools for classes 6th to 10th standard:

  ##  - Book Suggestions for a School Library in India for classes 6-10. Here are some book suggestions, focusing on core subjects and Indian languages, to enrich your school library:  1.  Works by renowned Indian authors in various languages (Hindi, english, regional languages etc.) 2. Language Reference Books:       * Dictionaries (English, Hindi, regional languages)       * Thesauruses       * Grammar books     * English communication books        * Writing guides      * Essay writing books   3. Science:       * Biographies of famous scientists (e.g., Einstein, Curie)       * Books on specific scientific topics (e.g., astronomy, biology, chemistry) 4. Mathematics:       * Mathematical puzzles and brain teasers       * History of mathematics       * Books on the practical applications of mathematic...

ಪ್ರೊ. ಕೆ. ಎಸ್. ನಿಸಾರ್ ಅಹಮದ್ ರವರ ಜೀವನ-

- ಪ್ರೊ.  ಕೆ. ಎಸ್. ನಿಸಾರ್ ಅಹಮದ್ ಪ್ರೊ.ಕೆ.ಎಸ್.ನಿಸಾರ್ ಅಹಮದ್ (5 ಫೆಬ್ರುವರಿ 1936 - 3 ಮೇ 2020) ಕನ್ನಡದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಸಾಹಿತಿಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಹೆಸರು 'ಕೊಕ್ಕರೆಹೊಸಳ್ಳಿ ಶೇಖಹೈದರ ನಿಸಾರ್ ಅಹಮದ್'. ಅವರು ಬರೆದ 'ಜೋಗದ ಸಿರಿ ಬೆಳಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ತುಂಗೆಯ ತೆನೆ ಬಳುಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ' ಎಂಬ ಪದ್ಯವು ಬಹಳ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯವಾಗಿ ಅವರು ನಿತ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಕವಿಯೆಂದೂ ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. Image source: Online typing ಜೀವನ- ಪ್ರೊ. ನಿಸಾರ್ ಅಹಮದ್ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಯ ದೇವನಹಳ್ಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಫೆಬ್ರುವರಿ ೫, ೧೯೩೬ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಜನಿಸಿದರು. ೧೯೫೯ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂವಿಜ್ಞಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ನಾತಕೋತ್ತರ ಪದವಿ ಪಡೆದರು. ೧೯೯೪ ರ ವರೆಗೆ ವಿವಿಧ ಸರಕಾರಿ ಕಾಲೇಜುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಧ್ಯಾಪಕ ಹಾಗು ಪ್ರಾಧ್ಯಾಪಕರಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿ ನಿವೃತ್ತರಾದರು.             ಜನನ 5 ಫೆಬ್ರುವರಿ 1936 ದೇವನಹಳ್ಳಿ, ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ, ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ              ಮರಣ 3 ಮೇ 2020 (ವಯಸ್ಸು 84)[೧] ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ವೃತ್ತಿ ಸಾಹಿತಿ, ಪ್ರೊಫೆಸರ್ ಭಾಷೆ ಕನ್ನಡ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ ಭಾರತ ಪ್ರಕಾರ/ಶೈಲಿ Fiction ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಚಳುವಳಿ ನವ್ಯ ಕಾವ್ಯ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು ಮನಸು ಗಾಂಧಿ ಬಜಾರು(1960) ನಿತ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು ಪದ್ಮಶ್ರೀ (೨೦೦೮), ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ (೧೯೮೧) ಕೆಲವು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಗಳು : ನಿಸಾರ್ ಅಹಮದ್  ...

Hauna Curriculum is for strong preschool education:

 - *Hauna Preschool Systems* Hauna Curriculum is for strong preschool education. We are a preschool curriculum provider offering a comprehensive learning framework for children aged 3-6 years. *Hauna Curriculum Overview:* 1. Focuses on holistic development (cognitive, social, emotional, physical) 2. Integrated learning approach (subjects interconnected) 3. Child-centered and activity-based learning 4. Emphasis on creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving 5. Aligns with international early childhood education standards *Curriculum Structure:* 1. Nursery (H1- 3-4 years) 2. ⁠Lower Kindergarten (H2- 4-5 years) 3. ⁠Upper Kindergarten (H3- 5-6 years) *Subject Areas:* 1. Language and Literacy 2. Mathematics  3. EVS 4. ⁠Social emotional development 5. ⁠Physical Development  *Teaching Methodologies:* 1. Play-based learning 2. Storytelling 3. Hands-on activities 4. Project-based learning 5. Role-playing 6. ⁠Real-World Applications *Assessment and Evaluation:* 1. Continuous...

Who is Sir Hajee Ismail Sait of Bangalore:

 - Fukhr-ut-Tojjar Sir Hajee Ismail Sait: A Legacy of Business and Philanthropy Fukhr-ut-Tojjar Sir Hajee Ismail Sait (1859-1934) was a prominent Indian businessman, philanthropist, and community leader who left an indelible mark on South India.  He was an Indian banker, businessman and community leader who served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council . Born in Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu, Sait's entrepreneurial journey began early, driven by a strong work ethic and a keen business acumen. A Business Empire Takes Shape Sait's first venture, the "English Warehouse," proved to be a resounding success, catering to the needs of the British community in Bangalore. His entrepreneurial spirit, however, did not limit him to a single venture. He diversified into a wide range of businesses, including mines, and manufacturing units. His astute business decisions saw him rise to become one of the wealthiest merchants in South India. Very quickly, Ismail Sait built on the succ...

Tiny Tummies, Mighty Futures: Why Good Food is Super Important for Little Kids! (Ages 0-8) 🍎🥦🥕🥛🍚:

 -  The article discusses about proper nutrition for children aged 0-8 years, written with an Indian food context and lots of emojis: Tiny Tummies, Mighty Futures: Why Good Food is Super Important for Little Kids! (Ages 0-8) 🍎🥦🥕🥛🍚 Hey Parents👋  Imagine your little one is like a super cool building 🏗️, growing bigger and stronger every single day! To build a super strong building, you need super good materials, right? 💪 Well, for our amazing kids (from tiny babies 👶 all the way to big eight-year-olds! 👧👦), that super good material is  yummy and healthy food!  😋 Image Generated with Gemini AI  For the Littlest Heroes (0-2 years): First Bites! 🥣 Think about tiny babies. They need a good nourishment. The milk is like magic ✨, helping them grow big and strong! As they get a little older, they start trying new yummy foods – soft fruits like mashed banana 🍌 and apple puree 🍎. Think mashed veggies like smooth  dal  (lentils) 🍲 and swe...

More Than a Report Card: Defining True Success:

 - 🚀 The Partnership That Powers Success: Building Resilience and Purpose Together: This article is dedicated to every member of our vibrant educational community: our determined students, our dedicated teachers, our supportive parents, and our visionary school management. We are all partners in a singular, vital mission: ensuring that education goes beyond grades and truly prepares our students for life. For students to thrive in a rapidly changing world, they need two non-negotiable skills: Resilience and Purpose. 💪 Resilience: Mastering the Art of the Bounce Back The path through school—and through life—is rarely a straight line. Setbacks, low scores, and moments of doubt are inevitable. Our shared goal is to shift the focus from helping students avoid failure to teaching them how to master the art of bouncing back. Consider the story of Reeta one of our former students. Reeta was highly driven, but when she faced a significant disappointment—not achieving a major goal on her ...

Addressing Modern Disciplinary Challenges in Schools:

 - It's clear that schools today face unique disciplinary hurdles, particularly with the current generation of students. The traditional methods of lectures and assessments often fall flat, especially with boys, who seem to thrive on an activity-based approach to learning. This shift in engagement styles can make education feel like a forced endeavor, leading to a noticeable lack of interest and a decline in respect for manners and discipline. A significant concern is the limited parental cooperation. Many parents appear to feel their children are beyond their control, even suggesting corporal punishment as a solution and seemingly expecting schools to bear the sole responsibility for their children's tarbiyah (upbringing and moral development). This creates a challenging environment for educators. Compounding these issues is the evolving role of teachers. Modern educators, while dedicated, may not possess the same emotional resilience as previous generations, making it difficu...

How does too much nagging effect children:

 - Imagine an 8-year-old girl named Lily is getting ready for school. Her mom is constantly reminding her: "Lily, have you brushed your teeth yet?" "Did you pack your lunch? Don't forget your water bottle!" "Hurry up, we're going to be late! Put on your shoes!" "Don't forget your homework!" Lily, feeling overwhelmed and rushed, may: Become distracted:  Forget what she was supposed to do and lose focus. Feel anxious:  Start to worry about making mistakes and disappointing her mom. Resist and argue:  Refuse to do things quickly, leading to a power struggle. Feel overwhelmed:  Feel like she can't do anything right and lose confidence in her ability to get ready for school. This constant pressure can make getting ready for school a stressful experience for Lily. Instead of nagging, her mom could try a more supportive approach, such as: Creating a visual checklist:  Help Lily create a checklist of things she needs to do in the morning,...

Cultivating Critical Thinkers: The Role of Rhetoric in Education:

 - Let’s understand a situation. You are preparing a project report to present to your client, which should help you to start a research study. How will you communicate to them so that he is convinced by your words and presentation. Here comes a skill called ‘Rhetoric’. Rhetoric is a valuable skill in all aspects of life, from everyday conversations to public speaking and writing. It helps us to communicate effectively, build relationships, and make a difference in the world. The earliest recorded study of rhetoric can be traced to ancient Greece, particularly in the city of Athens during the 5th century BCE. With the rise of democracy, the ability to persuade through speech became crucial for political participation and public debate. Aristotle, the philosopher and scientist, made significant contributions to the study of rhetoric with his work "The Art of Rhetoric."   He analyzed the elements of persuasive speech, including: ethos (speaker credibility),  pathos (appeali...