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Education system in Greece and Rome in ancient times: (In Urdu)-



یونان اور روم میں نظامِ تعلیم


ڈاکٹر عرفان حبیب

مغربی تعلیم کی تاریخ کا آغاز حضرت عیسیٰؑ سے سیکڑوں برس پہلے، یونانی قوم کی تعلیمی سرگرمیوں سے ہوتا ہے۔ اس تاریخ میں بیسویں صدی کی شروعات تک ایک تسلسل پایا جاتا ہے۔

ابتدائی دور میں یونانی شہری ریاستوں میں رہتے تھے۔ شروع ہی سے ان کے یہاں تعلیم کو بڑی اہمیت دی جاتی تھی۔ اچھے شہری تیار کرنے کے لیے تعلیم ضروری تھی۔ یہ ریاستیں دشمنوں میں گھری ہوئی تھیں اور اکثر اندرونی خطروں کا بھی سامنا کرنا ہوتا تھا۔ اس لیے شہریوں کی اس طرح سے تربیت ضروری تھی کہ وہ اندرونی اور بیرونی خطروں کا اچھی طرح مقابلہ کر سکیں۔ اس یونانی سماج کی بنیاد، غلامی کے نظام پر تھی جس میں غلاموں کی تعداد آزاد شہریوں سے کہیں زیادہ تھی۔ تجارت اور ہاتھ سے کام کرنے کو معیوب سمجھا جاتا تھا اور یہ کام غلاموں سے لیے جاتے تھے، اس لیے شہریوں کو کوئی ٹیکنیکل تعلیم حاصل کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں تھی۔

شہری ریاستیں کئی باتوں میں ایک دوسرے سے مختلف تھیں اور اس لیے ان کے تعلیم کے مقاصد بھی جدا جدا تھے مثلاً سپارٹا اور ایتھنز کے تعلیمی نظام بالکل الگ الگ تھے۔ سپارٹا کے شہری اپنے علاقے میں اقلیت میں تھے۔ غلاموں کی اکثریت تھی اور اس لیے سپارٹا کے شہریوں کو اپنی حیثیت برقرار رکھنے کے لیے ہر وقت طاقت کے استعمال کی ضرورت پڑتی تھی، ساتھ ہی اپنی ریاست کی بیرونی حملوں سے حفاظت کے لیے بھی انہیں کافی بڑی فوج رکھنی پڑتی تھی۔ اس لیے فن سپہ گری میں مہارت ان کی سب سے بڑی ضرورت تھی اور اس فن کی تعلیم کو اولیت حاصل تھی۔ اسی طرح شہریوں کی کردار سازی میں بہادری اور اطاعت کو اہم مقام حاصل تھا۔ چنانچہ بچوں کو سات سال کی عمر سے سخت جسمانی ورزشوں اور کھیلوں کی مدد سے مضبوط، طاقت ور اور فنونِ جنگ کا ماہر بنایا جاتا تھا۔ یونان کی دوسری ریاستوں میں عورتوں پر توجہ کم تھی، لیکن سپارٹا میں عورتوں کی تعلیم میں جسمانی تربیت پر زور تھا۔

اس کے مقابلہ میں ایتھنز کے لوگوں کو بھی اگرچہ اپنی حفاظت کے لیے اسی قسم کے مسائل کا سامنا تھا لیکن زندگی کے بارے میں ان کا نقطۂ نظر بہت مختلف تھا۔ بچوں کو جنگ اور امن دونوں کے لیے تیار کیا جاتا، بہادری و ہمت سے زیادہ زور دانائی پر دیا جاتا اور اس طرح جسمانی اور دماغی صلاحیتوں کو ترقی دینے میں توازن برتا جاتا۔ تعلیم دو منزلوں میں ہوتی تھی، ایک چھ سے چودہ سال کی عمر تک اور اس کے بعد 14 سے 18 سال کی عمر تک، نصاب میں لکھنا، پڑھنا، موسیقی، ادب، سادہ حساب اور جسمانی ورزش شامل تھے۔ جسمانی ورزش کا مقصد جسم کو طاقت ور بنانے کے ساتھ خوبصورت بھی بنانا تھا۔ عورتوں کو تعلیم نہیں دی جاتی تھی، ان کا درجہ سماج میں نسبتاً ادنیٰ تھا۔

ایتھنز کے سماج نے جیسے جیسے ترقی کی، علوم کی تعلیم کی اہمیت بڑھتی گئی اور اسی لحاظ سے جسمانی ورزش کی اہمیت گھٹتی گئی۔

ایتھنز اور سپارٹا کے ان دو نظاموں کی ٹکر نے دنیا کو افلاطون اور ارسطو جیسے مفکر دیے۔ تعلیم پر ان کے خیالات صدیوں تک مشعل راہ بنے رہے، افلاطون اور ارسطو دونوں کا یہ خیال تھا کہ تعلیم کو سیاست سے الگ نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔ تعلیم کا بنیادی مقصد اچھے شہری پیدا کرنا ہے اور ہر سیاسی ڈھانچے کی بنیاد اچھے شہریوں پر ہوتی ہے۔

افلاطون اور ارسطو کے خیالات نے آنے والی نسلوں پر گہرا اثر چھوڑا۔ ارسطو کے خیالات سے سب سے پہلے متاثر ہونے والوں میں اس کا شاگرد سکندراعظم بھی تھا جس نے دس سال کے عرصہ میں شام ، مصر، بابل، ایران اور مشرق قریب کے بہت سارے علاقے فتح کر ڈالے اور ہندوستان تک پہنچ گیا۔ اس نے ان علاقوں میں تعلیم کی طرف خاص توجہ کی اور سکندریہ، اناطاکیہ اور دوسرے کئی شہروں میں تعلیمی مرکز قائم کیے۔ ان میں سکندریہ کو سب سے زیادہ شہرت حاصل ہوئی۔ سکندر کی موت کے بعد بطلیموس اور اس کے خاندان نے اسے اور ترقی دی۔ یہاں دنیا کا سب سے مشہور کتب خانہ تھا جس میں کہا جاتا ہے کہ سات لاکھ سے زیادہ مخطوطات تھے۔ ایک بہت بڑا عجائب گھر تھا جس کے ساتھ تحقیقاتی کام کرنے والوں کے لیے رہائش گاہیں بنائی گئی تھیں۔ یہاں پر ریاضی اور سائنس پر غیر معمولی کام کیا گیا۔ اقلیدس اور ارشمیدس جیسے شہرۂ آفاق سائنس دان سکندریہ کے ان ہی اداروں کے طالب علم تھے۔

جمہوریہ روم کے ابتدائی دور میں، جب کہ اس پر ابھی یونانی تہذیب کا اثر نہیں پڑا تھا، تعلیم بہت محدود تھی۔ اس کا مقصد اچھے شہری تیار کرنا تھا۔ والدین سے یہ توقع کی جاتی تھی کہ وہ اپنے بچوں کی کم از کم اتنی تربیت کر دیں کہ وہ جسمانی اور دماغی طور پر صحت مند شہری بن سکیں، اپنے کاروبار ٹھیک طرح سے چلا سکیں اور لڑائی کے وقت اپنے ملک کی خدمت کر سکیں۔ ماؤں کا فرض تھا کہ اپنی لڑکیوں کی اس طرح تربیت کریں کہ وہ باحیا، نیک چلن، محنتی اور امور خانہ داری کی ماہر بن جائیں۔

250 ق م کے قریب یونان سے روم کا تعلق قائم ہوا۔ یہ وہ زمانہ تھا جب یونان میں علم و فلسفہ عروج پر تھا چنانچہ روم میں ایسے مدرسے قائم ہونے لگے جن میں یونانی زبان سکھائی جاتی تھی، اس کے ساتھ ہومر اور دوسرے ادیبوں کی تصنیفات لاطینی میں منتقل کی گئیں، فلسفہ اور فن خطابت کے مدرسے قائم ہوئے۔

روم کی زندگی کے ہر شعبہ پر یونان کا گہرا اثر تھا اور تعلیم بھی اس سے بچ نہیں سکتی تھی لیکن اہل یونان کے برعکس روم والے تعلیمی معاملات میں حکومت کی مداخلت کو بے حد ناپسند کرتے تھے۔ بہت بعد کے دور میں تقریباً نویں صدی عیسوی کے بعد جب حکومت کی طرف سے مدارس کو کافی امداد ملنے لگی تو مداخلت بھی بڑھنے لگی اور استادوں کے تقرر اور ان کی تنخواہ وغیرہ کے بارے میں حکومت فیصلے کرنے لگی۔

سکندراعظم نے جس علاقے کو فتح کیا وہاں اپنی تہذیب اور تمدن کو بھی پھیلایا۔ اسی طرح روم کے شہنشاہوں نے بھی اپنے مفتوحہ علاقوں میں اپنی تہذیب پھیلائی اور اپنے ادارے قائم کیے، اور پوری سلطنت میں اپنا نظام تعلیم رائج کیا۔ سلطنت روم کے مغربی حصہ میں عام طور پر لاطینی اور یونانی دونوں زبانیں سکھائی جاتی تھیں، لیکن مشرقی حصہ میں صرف یونانی رائج تھی۔ مال دار گھرانوں کے لڑکے اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لیے ایتھنز، سکندریہ، روم یا قسطنطنیہ جاتے تھے۔

Source: Received through WhatsApp messages

The below English version is translated from urdu using Google translator. The grammar is not checked after translation.

Dr. Irfan Habib , of Greek and Roman education

The history of Western education begins with the educational activities of the Greek nation hundreds of years before Jesus. A continuation is found in this history up to the beginning of the twentieth century.

In the early years, Greek citizens lived in the states. From the beginning, education was given a lot of importance here. Education was essential to prepare a good citizen. These states were surrounded by enemies and often faced internal threats. Therefore, training of citizens was needed in such a way that they could better deal with internal and external threats. The basis of this Greek society was on the system of slavery, in which the number of slaves was far greater than that of free citizens. Trade and hands-on work were considered disabled and these jobs were taken from slaves, so citizens did not have to get any technical education.

The urban states were different in many respects and therefore their educational goals were different, as were the educational systems of Sparta and Athens. Sparta's citizens were in the minority in their area. The majority of the slaves were, and so Sparta's citizens always needed to use force to maintain their status, as well as to maintain a large army to protect their state from external attacks. Therefore, his expertise in art and craft was a major requirement and his education was a priority. Likewise, bravery and obedience played an important role in the role of citizens. Children, therefore, were made strong, powerful, and skilled in the art form by the age of seven with the help of rigorous physical exercises and sports. In other Greek states the focus was on women, but in Sparta there was an emphasis on physical training in women's education.

On the contrary, the people of Athens, even though they faced similar problems for their own safety, had a very different outlook on life. Children were prepared for both war and peace, emphasized more than bravery and courage, thus balancing the development of physical and mental abilities. Education took place in two stages, one from six to fourteen years old and then from 14 to 18 years old, the curriculum consisted of writing, reading, music, literature, simple calculation and physical exercise. The purpose of physical exercise was to make the body powerful as well as beautiful. Women were not educated, their status was relatively low in society.

As Athens' society progressed, the importance of education for education increased and so did the importance of physical exercise.

The collision of these two systems of Athens and Sparta gave the world ideas like Plato and Aristotle. His views on education continued to be the torch for centuries; both Plato and Aristotle believed that education could not be separated from politics. The main purpose of education is to create good citizens and every political structure is based on good citizens.

Plato and Aristotle's ideas had a profound effect on the coming generations. Among the first to be impressed by Aristotle's ideas was his disciple Alexander, who over a period of ten years conquered Syria, Egypt, Babylon, Iran, and much of the Middle East and reached India. He paid special attention to education in these areas and established educational centers in Alexandria, Antioch and many other cities. Of these, Alexandria received the highest reputation. After Alexander's death, Blythmus and his family made further progress. Here was the world's most famous library, which is said to have more than seven million copies. There was a huge museum with housing for investigators. There was extraordinary work on math and science. Scientists such as Euclidus and Arshadids were students of these same institutions in Alexandria.

In the early years of the Republic of Rome, when it had not yet been influenced by Greek civilization, education was very limited. The aim was to prepare good citizens. Parents were expected to train their children at least so that they could become physically and mentally healthy citizens, run their businesses properly, and serve their country during the war. The mothers had a duty to train their girls in such a way that they could become fiduciary, good-natured, hardworking and lucrative.

About 250 BC Rome was established with Greece. It was at that time that knowledge and philosophy were on the rise in Greece, so madrassas were taught in Rome, in which Greek language was taught, as well as the writings of Homer and other writers transferred to Latin, the seminaries of philosophy and art. Established.

Greece had a profound impact on every area of ​​Rome's life, and education could not be avoided, but unlike the Greek people, the Romans disliked government interference in educational matters. In the very aftermath of the ninth century, when the government started to receive substantial support from the madrassas, the intervention also increased and the government began to make decisions about the appointment of teachers and their salaries.

The area where Alexander conquered also spread its civilization and civilization. Similarly, the emperors of Rome spread their civilization and established their institutions in their conquered territories, and practiced their system throughout the empire. Both Latin and Greek were generally taught in the western part of the empire, but in the eastern part there was only Greek practice. The sons of wealthy families traveled to Athens, Alexandria, Rome, or Constantinople for higher education.

Source: Received through WhatsApp message

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