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Bruner's work on learning and education:

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- In his research on the cognitive development of children,  Jerome Bruner proposed three modes of representation:

  • Enactive representation (action-based)
  • Iconic representation (image-based)
  • Symbolic representation (language-based)
    • -  The role of the teacher should not be to teach information by rote learning, but instead to facilitate the learning process. 

    - Bruner's work also suggests that a learner even of a very young age is capable of learning any material so long as the instruction is organized appropriately.

     - According to Bruner, Language is important for the increased ability to deal with abstract concepts.

     Brief understanding of 3 steps of learning by Bruner's theory:

     a. Enactive representation:
    Thinking is based entirely on physical actions, and infants learn by doing, rather than by internal representation (or thinking).

     b. Iconic representation:
    Information is stored as sensory images (icons), usually visual ones, like pictures in the mind. For some, this is conscious; others say they don’t experience it.
    c. Symbolic representation: This develops last. This is where information is stored in the form of a code or symbol, such as language. This mode is acquired around six to seven years-old. In this stage, knowledge is stored primarily as words, mathematical symbols, or in other symbol systems.
    - The aim of education should be to create autonomous learners (i.e., learning to learn).

    - For Bruner (1961), the purpose of education is not to impart knowledge, but instead to facilitate a child's thinking and problem-solving skills which can then be transferred to a range of situations.

    Bruner suggests a concept of  'spiral curriculum': 
    This involved information being structured so that complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, and then re-visited at more complex levels later on.


    Source: 
    https://www.simplypsychology.org/bruner.html

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